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                                        Abstracts

International Journal of Clinical Nutrition (IJCN) ISSN (India) 0971-9210, Url: https://ijcnworld.com/

A publication of the International College of Nutrition,

2009; Vol 9(1): 1-25

1.EFFECTS SOY AND ISOFLAVONES ON HEALTH.

Shaw Watanabe(1) and Mari Uehara (2).¹Lifescience Promoting Association, ²Tokyo University of Agriculture, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Correspondence.               

Mari Uehara, Ph.D., Professor of Tokyo University of Agriculture

Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan, Email. mari@nodai.ac.jp,

Abstract

Soy foods were first consumed in China more than a millennium ago. In Japan, soybeans have been cultivated since the Yayoi era, 2000 years ago, and in Heian era (8 century) seasoning connected to present, such as miso, soy sauce, etc. was made. At present, nearly 850,000 tons of soybean is consumed as raw material for food in Japan, in which 53% of tofu, 18% miso, 8.7% natto are the main foods. The low incidence of breast and prostate cancer, heart disease, and hot flashes in Japan may be due to increased intake of soya products. Isoflavones found in soybeans are nonsteroidal phytoestrogenic and antioxidative diphenolic compounds with potential roles in the prevention of chronic diseases, including hormone dependent cancer cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and postmenopausal syndrome. Japanese consume 40-100 mg/day from various kind of soy foods, and it may contribute to the low incidence of above diseases. S(-)-equol, a metabolite of daidzein by the intestinal microflora, shows strongest estrogenic activity among isoflavones. Epidemiological, metabolic and  animal and in vitro experiments, randomized clinical studies are necassary for confirmation of the role of soya supplements and its safety in the prevention of chronic diseases.

Key words: isoflavone, daidzein, genistein, equol, lignin, epidemiology, randomized clinical trial, metanalysis, supplement, safety 

How to cite: Watanabe S and Uehara M.  Effects of soy and isoflavones on health.  Int J Clin Nutrition 2009; 9: 1-5.       

Reference

Watanabe S, Uehara M.. In Editors, RB Singh, Watson RR, Takahshi T, Role of Functional Food Security in Gobal Health. Elsevier, 2018

2. MILLETS AS FUNCTIONAL FOOD FOR HEALTH PROMOTION.

Ram B Singh (1), Shairy Khan(2), Anil K Chauhan(3), Meenakshi Singh(4), Poonam Jaglan(5), Poonam Yadav(3), Toru Takahashi(6), Lekh R Juneja (7).

1Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad; 2Department of Food Science, SNDT University, Poona, 3Center of Food Science and Technology, IAS,BHU, Varanasi;  4MS,CSIR, New Delhi; 5Center of Nutrition Research, Panipat; 6Graduate School of Human Environmental Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. 7Department of Research and Development, Rohto Co Limited, Osaka, Japan. 

Correspondence.

Prof. Dr Ram B Singh, MD,FICN, FICC

Halberg Hospital and Research Institute,

Civil Lines, Opp. Wilsonia College

Moradabad, India;  rbs@tsimtsoum.net, Tel.9997794102

Abstract

Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, mostly grown in Asia and the most important species are pearl millet, finger millet, proso millet, foxtail millet and pearl millet. Proso millet is used for bird seed in the developed countries and for food in some parts of Asia. In China and Eastern Europe, foxtail millet is important crop. Finger millet is widely produced in the cooler, higher-altitude regions of Africa and Asia both as a food crop and as a preferred input for traditional beer. Food security has been a major concern to the world’s population that is highly dependent on grains. Millets are nutritionally superior as their grains contain high amount of proteins, minerals, calcium, iron etc, flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins which could be used as functional food for prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Millets could be used to combat micronutrient malnutrition by bio-fortification of staple crops. Millets could be mixed in cakes, biscuits, cookies, bread and pastries to provide proteins and above mentioned micronutrients which may convert modern foods in to functional foods.

Key Words. Amino acids, proteins, antioxidants, flavonoids, minerals, vitamins. 

How to cite: Singh RB, Khan S, Chauhan AK, Singh M, Jaglan P, Poonam Yadav P, Takahashi T, Juneja LR. Millets as functional food for health promotion. Int J Clin Nutrition 2009; 9: 6-10. 

Reference

Singh RB, Khan S, Chauhan AK, Singh M, Jaglan P, Yadav P, Takahashi T and jneja LR. Millets as functional food, a gift from Asia to Western world. In Editors; R B Singh, Tor Takahashi, Watson RR, Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health, Elsevier, USA, 2018 

3. ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.

MA Manal Smail (1), MA Abla Ismail (2), TK Basu (3), Osama Elmarghy (4), Gaal Elkilany (5). Garima Tyagi (6).1United Arab University, Ajnam, UAE; 2Corniche Hospital, Abudhabi,  United Arab Emirates, 3University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Naeem Diabetic Center, Jahraa, Kuwait; 5Global Health Care Division, La Place, USA, 6Hindu College, Moradabad, India.

Correspondence

Dr.Osama Elmaraghy, PhD.Msc.PGDD (UK).

Naeem Diabetic Centre 

Jahraa-Kuwait, Email: Dr-osamaam@hotmail.com> 

Abstract.

 Beyond serum total cholesterol, oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamin deficiency has been an important hypothesis in the development of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. A dietary and serum levels of antioxidants deficiency and oxidative stress, have been observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and antioxidants have been used for the treatment of  these patients. Epidemiological studies show that vitamin A,E  and C and beta-carotine as well as  folic acid and selenium were inversely associated with risk of morbidity and mortality due to CVDs and cancer. However, randomized, controlled intervention trials showed no evidence of benefit in CVDs and cancers; but adverse effects were observed in some of the important studies. Hence, there is no evidence to support the use of antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of CVDs and cancer. Further studies are necessary to find out the role of vitamins and minerals in children, malnutrition and chronically ill people in the elderly population. 

Kew Words. Minerals, heart disease, oxidative stress, stroke, cancer.

How to cite: Manal Smail MA, Abla Ismail MA, Basu TK, Elmarghy O, Elkilany E, Tyagi G.. Antioxidant vitamins in health and disease. Int J Clin Nutrition 2009; 9: 11-15. 

Reference

Darlenska HD, Handjiev S, Hristova K, Singh RB, Tyagi G. Antioxidant  vitamins and the heart. World Heart J 2014;6:179-184.

4. VITAMINS IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

MA Niaz (1), S Ghosh(2), HS Buttar (3), NH Hadi (4), Gushchina Yulia (5). 1,2Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India; Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq; Peoples, Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia. 

Correspondence

Dr Gushchina Yulia, MD, PhD

Department of Pharmacology, Peoples, Friendship University of Russia,

Moscow, Russia. Email: <gushchina-yush@rudn.ru>

Abstract

A dietary and serum levels of antioxidants deficiency and oxidative stress, have been observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and antioxidants have been used for the treatment of these patients. However, current clinical evidence is insufficient to assess the benefits and risks of taking multivitamins or single or paired nutrient supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVDs) or cancer. Usefulness of antioxidant vitamins in suspected AMI has been examined in one early randomized, controlled intervention trial by Singh et al published in 1996.The findings revealed that treatment with combination of vitamin E and C and beta-carotine administered for 4 weeks was associated with decline in cardiac events but the level of significance was only P<0.056 which is considered non-significant. This was a warning finding, to indicate no significant benefit in patients with CVD. However, it was considered important because AMI patients have enormous amount of oxidative stress and antioxidant vitamin deficiency resulting due to increased consumption  to fight the acute myocardial stress. Effects of coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction has  also been found to be beneficial (9,10). CoQ10 is a vitamin like molecule, normally present in the inner side of the mitochondrial cell membranes which is a potential antioxidant involved in the cell energy production. CoQ10 has been found to be important in hypertension, insulin resistance, heart failure and in decreasing lipoprotein(a). Population studies have reported inverse association of serum magnesium and antioxidant vitamins status with risk of complications of ageing in an elderly urban population. Diet, antioxidants and risk of cancer has been reported in a case study. Association of low plasma concentration of antioxidant vitamins, magnesium and zinc with high body fat percent have been observed among men. There may be a circadian rhythmicity of circulating vitamin concentrations showing lower levels in the morning due to increased consumption to fight the circadian oxidative stress. In an experiment in rabbits, antioxidant effects of lovastatin and vitamin E, on experimental atherosclerosis have been demonstrated. The available evidence indicate that vitamin E and beta-carotine may have adverse effects  in CVDs.

Key words. Beta-carotine, vitamin E, hypertension, insulin resistance, Coenzyme Q10.

How to cite: Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Buttar  HS, Hadi NH, Yulia G. Vitamins in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Clin Nutrition 2009; 9: 16-20. 

5.DIETARY FIBER IN HEALTH AND RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES.

Jan Fedacko (1), Ram B Singh (2), Toru Takahashi (3), Mohammed A Niaz (4), OK Gupta(5), Gushchina Yulia.1Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia;2Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India; 3Graduate School of Human Environmental Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan;5Metro  Group  of Hospital, Noida,India.

Correspondence

Dr Gushchina Yulia, MD, PhD  Department of Pharmacology,                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

People,s Friendship University of Russia,

Moscow, Russia.

ABSTRACT

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major cause of death and disability in both developed and developing countries. This epidemic of NCDs may be due to unhealthy diet and lifestyle characterized with Western diet; high refined and preserved foods, red meat, preserved meat and decreased intake of vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fruits and olive oil. Healthy diets are rich in plant foods and majority of the plant foods are rich in fiber. Vegetables, whole grains, fruits and legumes are rich sources of fibers. Soluble fibers have been considered more useful compared to insoluble fibers. Dietary fibers are known to have hypoglycemic, hypo-cholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects indicating that fiber intake may be protective against cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs); as well as other chronic diseases. In a meta-analysis, insoluble fiber and fiber from cereal and vegetable sources were inversely associated with risk of CAD and  CVD. Fruit fiber intake as part of Mediterranean style diet was also inversely associated with risk of  CVD. High-fiber diets provide bulk, are more satiating, and have been associated with decreased risk of obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for cancer and evidence that fiber decreases cancer is mixed, because of scarcity in research. Increased consumption of high-fiber foods such as whole grains, legumes,and Mediterranean style foods;  are inversely associate with risk of cancer. These results support the general recommendations to increase fiber intake for prevention of NCDs. Dietary reference intakes recommend the consumption of 14 g of dietary fiber per 1000 kcal, or 25 g for women and 38 g for men, based on the goal of protection against NCDs. The mechanism could be that fiber inhibit the absorption of fat from the gut but recently dietary fiber has been demonstrated to be beneficial for gut microbiome. The differing strengths of association by fiber type or source highlight the need for a better understanding of the mode of action of fiber components and the effects of fiber on other targets which indirectly control NCDs.

Key Words. Fiber rich foods, soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, fibrous foods, Mediterranean diet.

How to cite: Fedacko J, Singh RB, Takahashi T, Mohammed A Niaz MA, Gupta OK, Yulia G. Dietary fiber in health and risk of chronic diseases. Int J Clin Nutrition 2009; 9: 21-25.

                                                           Abstracts

International Journal of Clinical Nutrition (IJCN) ISSN (India) 0971-9210, Url: https://ijcnworld.com/

A publication of the International College of Nutrition, 2008; Vol 8(1): 1-25

1.EFFECTS OF INDO-MEDITERRANEAN STYLE DIET, IN FATHER AND  MOTHER, ON FETAL GROWTH, INFLAMMATION, GENETIC PROFILE AND  CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK, IN  MOTHER AND  OFF-SPRIG. RB Singh (1), MA Manal Smail (2), Abla MA Ismail (3), Meenakshi Jain(5). Halberg Hospital and research Institute, Moradabad, India; United arab University, Ajnam, UAE; Corniche Hospital, UAE; Max Hospital, Delhi, India 

Correspondence

Dr Abla M Ahmed  Ismail, 

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

 Corniche Hospital, United Arab Emirates, (Ahlam402002@hotmail.com) 

Abstract

Four publications in Nature and Cell followed by WHO advice on “life-course approach”  on preconception and perinatal factors, these factors appear to be essential for achieving the population health goals of the UNO 2030. The interaction of the genes and the internal and external environment can influence fetal development, health of mothers and off-spring. The role of pre-conception and perinatal behavioral factors of parents on genetic/epigenetic inheritance of cardio-metabolic diseases (CMDs) risk in the off-spring in human are least known. The role of epigenetic inheritance; the passing of phenotypic change to subsequent generations in ways that are outside the genetic code of DNA are not well known. It is unclear that a complex set of factors, including nutritional factors, come into play during epigenetic inheritance from father and mother to offspring. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring inducing obesity & insulin resistance, which is not yet known in humans (Nature 2010). Pregnant women require more energy, protein, iron, iodine, vitamin A, folate, and other nutrients, because nutrient deficiencies are associated with maternal complications and death, fetal and newborn death, birth defects, and decreased physical and mental potential of the child. Deficiency of omega-3 fatty acid and flavonoids  during pregnancy can increase oxidative stress and systemic inflammation which may predispose impaired beta cell function, and smooth muscle dysfunction leading to increased risk of CMDs. There is an unmet need to find out that adequate energy intake and a diversified diet that includes fruit, vegetables, and animal products throughout the life cycle help ensure that women enter pregnancy and lactation without deficiencies and obtain adequate nutrients during periods heightened demand. Since CMDs, may develop due to transgenerational inheritance, our strategy is to find out the effects of  Indo-Mediterranean style diets vs control diet, among father and mother, on complications of pregnancy, fetal development and cardio-metabolic risk factors in the offspring. The outcome of this study may indicate beneficial effects on mothers health, fetal development, insulin sensitivity, in infancy, mediated by epigenetic and genetic alterations. 

Key words. Diets, food, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular risk. 

How to cite: Singh RB, Manal Smail MA, Ismail MAA, Jain Meenakshi..Effects of Indo-Mediterranean style Diet, in Father and  Mother, on Fetal Growth, Inflammation, Genetic Profile and  Cardio-metabolic Risk in  Mother and  Off-sprig. Int J Clin Nutrition 2008; 8: 1-5. 

2.DIETARY SUGAR INTAKE AND RISK OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES 

Viliam Mojto (1), R B Singh (2), Anna Gvozdjakova(3), Mária Mojtová (4), Jarmila Kucharská(5), OľgaVančová(6), Poonam Jaglan(7), and Toru Takahashi(8).       

1Thirrd. Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,

2Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India;

3Comenius University in Bratislava, Pharmaco-biochemical Laboratory of 3rd Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Republic, 4Mária Mojtová,  St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work in Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 5Comenius University in Bratislava, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Republic, 6Comenius University in Bratislava, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of 3rd Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Republic; 7Center of Nutrition Research, Panipat, NCR, India. 8Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka city, Japan. 

Corresponding author:

Dr Viliam Mojto, MD., PhD., MHA.,

Head of the 3rd. Internal Clinic Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Mob. Tel: 00421905456834, Mail: viliam.mojto@gmail.com;

Abstract

There is a worldwide increase in obesity in both high-income and low-income countries, due to dietary sugar and fat and decreased physical activity. Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death. We continue to deal with the problem of rapid upsurge in noncommunicable disease risk factors such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban settings. Obesity rates among children are rising faster than obesity rates in adults. The risk of cardiovascular disease mortality increases once added sugar intake surpasses 15% of daily calories. Fructose, which is metabolized in the liver, seems to have unique adverse effects in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. The sugar-sweetened beverages are a marker of an unhealthy lifestyle and their drinkers consume more calories, exercise less, smoke more and have a poor dietary pattern. There is a need to educate the population about the health hazards associated with sugar consumption. 

Key words : Non-comunicable diseases, obesity, sugar intake, fructose, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, coenzyme Q10. 

How to cite: Mojto V, Singh RB, Gvozdjakova A,  Mojtová M, Kucharská J. OľgaVančová(6), Jaglan P, and  Takahashi T. Dietary sugar intake and risk of non-communicable diseases. Int J Clin Nutrition 2008; 8: 6-10.

3.COCOA CONSUMPTION AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES.

Reema Singh (1), Meenakshi Jain (2), Toru Takahashi (3), Jan Fedacko (4), Krasimira Hristova (5), Agnieszka Wilczynska (6), Maria Mojtova (7), Viliam Mojto (8), Anna Gvozdjakova (9).

1Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India;

Max Hospital, Delhi, India

3Graduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women’s University, Japan;

4Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia;

5University National Heart Hospital, Department of Noninvasive Functional Diagnostic and Imaging, Sofia, Bulgaria;

6Krakow University, Krakow, Poland;

7St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work in Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

 8Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, 

  Bratislava, Slovakia,

 9Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia 

Corresponding author:

Professor Dr Anna Gvozdjakova, PhD, DSc.

Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacobiochemical Laboratory of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia,

Email: anna.gvozdjakova@fmed.uniba.sk,  rbs@tsimtsoum.net

Abstract

Antioxidant flavonoid deficiency may be risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Further studies indicate that increased consumption of cocoa products; cocoa, and chocolates, etc. may be associated with decreased risk of NCDs; cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, hypertension, insulin resistance, memory dysfunction and cancers. Cocoa flavonol appears to have potential beneficial effects against the risk of metabolic syndrome, hypertension, blood lipids, stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), cancer, cognitive function and dementia due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and activation of nitric oxide effects. Meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, indicate that highest levels of chocolate consumption, were associated with a 37% reduction in CVD and a 29% reduction in stroke compared with the lowest levels. Another meta-analysis showed  a significant blood pressure-reducing effect of cocoa-chocolate compared with control but it was significant only for the hypertensive or pre-hypertensive subgroups. Clinical studies among subjects showed that cocoa intake can improve endothelial function by activation of nitric oxide. Cocoa supplementation has also been found to decrease mild cognitive impairment, insulin resistance and lipid peroxidation. Dietary supplementation with cocoa (300-1000mg/day) in the form of dark chocolates can protect against NCDs; hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, memory dysfunction and cancer. Further research is necessary to prove this finding. 

Key words. Cocoa, flavonoids, flavonols, antioxidants, diet, nutrition, hypertension, stroke, dementia, cancer, cognitive function.

How to cite: Singh R, Jain M, Takahashi T, Fedacko J, Hristova K, Wilczynska A, Mojtova M,  Mojto V, Gvozdjakova  A. cocoa consumption and prevention of chronic diseases. Int J Clin Nutrition 2008; 8: 11-15.

4.MODERN EGGs AND RISK OF DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND CANCER? Dominik Pella (1), Jan Fedacko (2), Daniel Pella(2), Viola Vargova(2), Viliam Mojto (3) Saibal Chakravorty(4); 1Department of Medicine, East Slovak Institute of Medical Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia; 2Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia; 4The Metro Group of Hospitals, Npoida, India.

 Correspondence

Dr  Dominik Pella,MD,Department of Cardiology,Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kosice, Slovakia.  dominik.pella@gmail.com;

Abstract

Recent evidence indicates that western diet is important in the pathogenesis of deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), whereas Mediterranean style foods are protective. The key ingredients of Mediterranean type diets include olive oil, fresh fruits and vegetables, protein-rich legumes, fish, poultry including eggs and whole grains with moderate amounts of wine and red meat. The eggs and red meat from big running animals are considered healthy, whereas meat from those animals, domesticated at farm houses and given feeds made by the industry, may have adverse effects on biological quality of meat, eggs and milk. Previous studies suggested that eating up to 5 eggs per week do not appear to have any adverse effects on health. American Heart Association has also made same advice about eating eggs. Effects of one egg daily of NCEP step 1, diet was examined in several studies showed no adverse effects on blood lipids and blood glucose. Recent cohort studies have demonstrated that increased intake of eggs, more than 3 in a week may be associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. More evidence is needed to confirm this finding.

Key Words: Foods, diet, vegetarian, food consumption pattern, wild type foods. 

How to cite: Pella D, Fedacko J, Pella D, Vargova V, Mojto V.  Chakravorty S; Modern eggs and risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer? Int J Clin Nutrition 2008; 8: 16-220.

EFFECTS OF NUTS INTAKE MODULATE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

Sergey Shastun (1), Radzhesh Agarval (2), Jan Fedacko (3), Dominik Pella(4), Sergey Chibisov (5), Elena Kharslitkaya(6); OA bawareed (7); 1,2,5,6People,s Friendship University of Russia; 3,4Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia;

Correspondence:

Dr Sergey Chibisov,MD,PhD,

Peoples Friendship University of Russia,

Moscow, Russia, Email:<kalcna@mail.ru>

Abstract:

The dietary benefits of nuts may be provided by haemostatic factors, omega-3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA), essential and nonessential amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids, folic acids as well as plant sterols that may be present in nuts. Onion, garlic, spices, green tea and other herbs could be another dimension which may have a beneficial effects on human health and diseases. Nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pea nuts may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. Epidemiological studies, suggested that nut eating was associated  with diminished risk of  cardiovascular diseases (CVDs);coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and hypertension. Recent cohort studies showed that eating 20g to 60g per day of nuts, may be protective against CVDs. A meta-analysis of studies showed that one-serving of nuts per week and per day resulted in 4% (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.98) and 27% (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.88) decreased risk of all-cause mortality, respectively, and decreased risk of CVD mortality. More recent meta-analysis show that increased intake of tree nuts or pea nuts can also cause significant decline in all-cause mortality and mortality due to many NCDs. Further randomized, controlled trials are necessary to confirm these results.

Key Words. Walnuts, almonds, pea nuts, tree nuts, functional foods. 

How to cite: Shastun S, Agarval R, Fedacko J, Pella D, Chibisov S. Kharslitkaya E; OA bawareed OA; effects of nuts intake modulate cardiovascular diseases. Int J Clin Nutrition 2008; 8: 21-25.

                                 Abstracts

International Journal of Clinical Nutrition (IJCN) ISSN (India) 0971-9210, Url: https://ijcnworld.com/

A publication of the International College of Nutrition,

2007; Vol 7(1): 1-25

1.NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE  MALNUTRITION

CM Pandey (1), AK Chauhan (2), Richa Tripathi (3). 1SGPGI, Lucknow,. 2Center of Food Science, IAS, BHU, Varanasi, Department of Home Science, BHU, Varanasi, India.

Correspondence

Richa Tripathi, PhD

Department of Home Science,

BHU, Varanasi (UP), India

Malnutritionrefers to under-nutrition as well as over-nutrition related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Undernutrition  is associated with deficiency of various nutrients required for growth and development of body.Here we are concerned with under-nutrition which continue to be a public health problem in most of the developing countries of the world. In developing countries such as India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Africa, undernutrition is still common, especially in children under five years of age. Some degree of malnutrition is seen in more than 50% children of this age group. According to National Family Health Survey-3,  6.4% children under five years of age are severely malnourished in India. These children are highly susceptible to pneumonia and diarrhea which are major causes of death among them. Mortality in these children is nine times higher than well nourished children. Cause of death in severely acute malnourished (SAM) children is often their compromised immunity and body physiology. Some management practices which are suitable for most children may be dangerous in SAM children and may result in death. With appropriate nutritional management lives of many children can be saved. Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) is defined by very low weight for height/length i.e. z-score below -3SD of the median as per WHO child growth standards. Clinically it can be identified by presence of severe visible wasting or nutritional oedema or mid upper arm circumference <115 mm. This condition results due to lack of exclusive breast feeding, late complimentary feeding, inadequate feeding in the form of diluted feeds, ignorance, poverty, natural calamities, war and repeated infections.Indigenous foods such as mix of rice and beans, porridge, millets. Milk products are available at affordable cost to prevent undernutrition in children. New foods can also be developed out of beans and porridge for management of undernutrition in children.

Key words. Protein, nutrients, infection, foods, diet.

How to cite: Pandey CM, Chauhan A K, Tripathi R. Nutritional management of severe  mal-nutrition. Int J Clin Nutrition 2007; 7: 1-5.

2.THE MODIFIED TEN POINT HEDONIC SCALE FOR PERCEPTION OF TASTE IN ASIANS

RB Singh, Ekasit Onsaard, Tripathi AK, Chauhan AK, Rie Horuichi, MA Manal Ismail, Abla MA smailHalberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India; Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchumrab, Ubonratchathani, Thailand; United Arab University, Ajnam, UAE,  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Corniche Hospital, UAE

Correspondence

Dr Abla MA  Ismail, MD, PhD

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 

Corniche Hospital, Ajnam, United Arab Emirates, (Ahlam402002@hotmail.com)

Taste, flavor and satiety are hedonic perceptions which are important determinants of eating patterns, and appear to be responsible for health and development of diseases. The ancient Atharvaveda mentions that “rice, barley, bean, and sesamum” are the food allotted for human consumption (5000 BCE). Confucius, the Chinese philosopher helped to bring perfect taste to Chinese food by developing proper cooking techniques (500 BCE). In Ayurveda, which is ancient Indian system of medicine, six tastes; sweet, sour, salty, pungent (spicy), bitter, astringent taste have been identified (5000 BCE).Salty, is the simplest of the tastes, sweet indicates the presence of sugars in foods, along with certain proteins, sour taste indicate acids in certain fruits, bitter indicate peppers, umami is savory taste popular in Japan, astringent and pungent tastes are found in vinegar and ginger. (Taste and flavor. https://www. banyanbotanicals.com/info/ayurvedic-living/living-ayurveda/diet/six-tastes/2022). The quality of agent or food that affects the sense of taste is called flavor. Taste and flavor can be developed during infancy by feeding liquids of different tastes.

The tongue is sensitive to different tastes; salty, sweet, sour and bitter and  taste as a sense may be the perception of a combination of these chemical signals on the tongue[1-3]. Apart from life sciences, social, cultural, natural factors contribute their perspective on perception of what is called taste. The key concept is flavor  in natural sciences, encompassing all physical, chemical, and neurophysiological aspects. Psychology, anthropology, and social sciences,are crucial to study the perception of taste. in a broader concept related to tradition, geography, culture, as well as social relations. Taste is a multimodal facet of food and the way we perceive and enjoy it.

Culture is a key element that influences consumers’ food choices and their food-related attitudes and beliefs. Cultural factors also modulate their behavior, adjust their sense of taste, and guide their preferences. It seems that culture has a influence on  processes concerned with individual and social group representation. It seems that the receptors for bitter, sweet, and umami taste, appear to belong to the same superfamily of receptors coupled to G-protein, whereas the receptor for salty is an ion channel. The receptor function for sour is the least understood but may involve some kind of proton sensing. The physiology of taste and multisensory processing and integration of taste with other sensory inputs such as smell, sight, sound, mouthfeel, etc. in the brain and neural system may be crucial in understanding, how taste relates to learning, perception, emotion, and memory. The psychology of taste and how taste dictates food choice, acceptance, and hedonic behavior need further research. Development of taste preferences in children and gustatory impairment in sick and elderly are now examined to understand the nature of taste and the use of this insight to improve the quality of life and health. The perceived taste intensity varies greatly among subjects, depending on taste phenotypes, gender and ethnicity, which contribute to variation in responsiveness to taste. It seems that people of Asian ethnicity tend to experience taste more intensely by perception of bitter and pungent taste (South Asians in particular, umami by Japanes,. compared to Caucasians. The perception of intensity of sour and metallic taste is highest in Asians compared to Caucasians. Therefore, it is proposed that hedonic scale should have ten point scale or more while studying taste perception among Asians. The points may be further more among South Asians but lesser among people living in middle east where peppers and chillies are not commonly consumed. Total Scores may be different for these population groups. Table 1.

  Table 1. Modified hedonic scale for perception of taste among Asians.

Since people od Asian ethnicity experience taste more intensely, there is an unmet need to modify this scales by including few more points. The research carried out at the University of Nottingham’s Sensory Science Centre is the first to explore the association between ethnicity (Caucasian vs Asian) and different observed variations in taste perception, known as taste phenotypes. (https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/new-study-reveals-taste-is-connected-to-ethnicity-and-gender)[3]. This center has defined taste phenotypes on perceived taste intensity, including PROP taster status, Thermal Taster Status and Sweet Liking Status. The intensity of taste perception, and other oral sensations can vary greatly among subjects and may be one of the most important determinants of food preference and consumption influencing nutritional and health status. The tongue is wrapped in taste buds (papillae) which are small, mushroom-shaped bumps, fungiform papillae located on the anterior tip of tongue, contain taste receptors that bind to the molecules from food which can be identified by brain. The perception of taste occurs when certain compounds released from food dissolve in saliva and interact with taste receptor cells within taste buds. Most mammals are able to detect five different types of taste: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami, whilst some other sensations have also been identified as potential tastes

Key Words. Flavor, Asian, tonge, taste buds.

How to cite: Singh RB, Onsaard E, Tripathi AK, Chauhan AK, Horuichi R, The modified ten point hedonic scale for perception of taste in Asians. Int J Clin Nutrition 2007; 7: 6-10. 

References 

1.Mouritsen, OG. The science of taste. Flavour 4, 18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13411-014-0028-3

2.Williams JA, Bartoshuk LM, Fillingim RB,Dotson CD. Exploring ethnic differences in taste perception, Chemical Senses, Volume 41, Issue 5, June 2016, Pages 449–456, https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjw021

3. Yang Q, Williamson AM, Hasted A, Hort J, Exploring the relationships between taste phenotypes, genotypes, ethnicity, gender and taste perception using Chi-square and regression tree analysis, Food Quality and Preference, 2020; 83: 103928, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103928.

4.Food-taste.himadzu.eu/sites/shimadzu.seg/files/SEG/PDFs/Brochures/HempBrochure/ analytical-and-testing-instruments-for-food-development-C10G-E052.pdf, accessed March 2022.

3.OPTIMIZATION OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR ENHANCED BIO-PLASTIC (PHB) PRODUCTION UTILIZING SUGAR REFINERY WASTE WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN TISSUE ENGINEERING.

A D Tripathi (1) Tekraj Joshi (2) S P Singh (3),RP Singh(4)^. Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005,  India^; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India

Correspondence

Dr A D Tripathi, PhD

Centre of Food Science and Technology,

Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005,  India

Abstract

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular carbon energy storage reserve material stored by gram-negative bacteria under the low nutrient concentration. PHAs are best alternative biodegradable plastics (bio-plastics) due to their resemblance with conventional synthetic plastic. The present study investigated the synergistic effect of nutritional supplements (amino acid and vitamin) on PHA production by Alcaligenes sp. NCIM 5085 utilizing a sugar refinery waste (cane molasses) under submerged fermentation process. Initially, the effect of individual factor on PHA yield was studied by supplementing amino acids (cysteine, cystine and methionine), vitamin (thiamine) and cane molasses at varying concentration in production medium. Further, the cultivation media was optimized by varying the levels of cane molasses, methionine and thiamine using response surface methodology to enhance the PHA yield. The maximum PHA yield of 70.89 % was obtained under optimized condition which was then scale up on 7.5 l bioreactor. Batch cultivation in 7.5 l bioreactor under optimized condition gave maximum PHA yield and productivity of 79.26 % and 0.312 g/l/h. The produced PHA was subsequently characterized as PHB by FTIR and NMR. PHB extracted from chosen strain were of relatively high molecular weight and crystallinity index. DSC analysis of extracted PHB gave T_g , T_m and X_c of 4.2 , 179 ^oC and 66 %, respectively. TGA analysis of PHB produced by Alcaligenes sp. showed thermal stability with maximized degradation occurring at 302 ^oC which is above the melting temperature (179 ^oC) of the purified polymer. The extracted polymer possessed desirable material properties to be used in tissue engineering.

Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoate; sugar refinery waste; nutritional substrate; characterization; physicochemical properties. 

How to cite. Tripathi AD, Joshi T, Singh  SP, Singh RP. Optimization of nutritional supplements for enhanced bio-plastic (PHB) production utilizing sugar refinery waste with potential application in tissue engineering. Int J Clin Nutrition 2007; 7: 11-15.

4.POMEGRANATE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PRODUCTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS INGREDIENT FOR FOOD, PHARMACEUTICALS AND COSMETIC INDUSTRY.

R K Pal, Nilesh Gaikwad and N V Singh. ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, India

Correspondence

Dr R K Pal, PhD

ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, India

Abstract

India is one of the leading countries in pomegranate acreage and production worldwide. The area under pomegranate cultivation in India is 1.31 Lakh ha with production of 13.46 Lakh tonnes in year 2014-15 (NHB). The area under cultivation of pomegranate has increased from 96.9 thousand hectares (2003-04) to 131 thousand hectares (2014-15). The pomegranate is grown in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamilnadu. Cultivation of pomegranate is expanding at a rapid rate in several non-traditional regions viz. M.P., U.P., U.K., W.B. and Nagaland. Pomegranate fruit has wide acceptability among the consumers because its arils have attractive colour, juiciness, sweet acidic taste, refreshing juice and known nutraceutical values. The rise in production of pomegranate has compelled to rethink about future marketing and utilization strategy for this high value produce. Although pomegranate is a very attractive fruit having great visual appeal yet it is classified under difficult to eat category of fruits for fresh consumption (unlike the easy to eat fruits viz. banana and oranges). Opportunities for value addition are plenty for total utilization of pomegranate. For example, a farmer with all available modern agri-horticultural technologies can harvest approximately 80 per cent of fruits suitable for export and domestic market. Rest 20 per cent of the harvest is neither marketable nor will fetch any return even to meet the transportation cost for taking this produce up to the market. Potentiality of use of high value nutraceutical compounds and bio-colouring agent in pomegranate peel have not been exploited so far in commercial scale. Similarly, use of high value pomegranate seed oil as active ingredient of food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic products has not yet been explored in India. Formulation of dietary supplements from pomegranate for management of several important human ailments viz. atherosclerosis, diabetes and even cancer may be possible in the coming years. Therefore, the enormous scope of entrepreneurship development using pomegranate for production of high value ingredients for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is discussed in this paper.   

Key words. Antioxidant, free radicals, chronic diseases,

How to cite: R K Pal, Nilesh Gaikwad and N V Singh Pomegranate for entrepreneurship development through production of bioactive compounds as ingredient for food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry. Int J Clin Nutrition 2007; 7: 16-20.

5.PROBIOTIC FOOD PRODUCTS AND GUT HEALTH

J B. Prajapati. Principal & Dean,SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India 

Coordinator,

Dr J B. Prajapati, PhD

SASNET-Fermented Foods

Principal & Dean,SMC College of Dairy Science,

Anand Agricultural University
Anand – 388 110 (India) , jbprajapati@aau.in

Key Words. Microbiota, microbiome, gut, food, diet.

How to cite: Prajapati JB. Probiotic food products and gut health. Int J Clin Nutrition 2007; 7: 21-25.

Abstracts

International Journal of Clinical Nutrition (IJCN) ISSN (India) 0971-9210, Url: https://ijcnworld.com/

A publication of the International College of Nutrition,

2006; Vol 6(1): 1-25

1.MAKING OF A NUTRIENT DENSE FOOD FORMULATION FOR  PREGNANT MOTHERS  AS A TARGET TO PREVENT ADULT DISEASES.

RB Singh (1), Sanjay Mishra (2), , Meenakshi Singh(3),  Krasimira Hristova(4), Anna Gvozdjakova (5). 1Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India; 2IFTM Institute, Moradabad, India; 3CSIR, Government of India, New Delhi, India; 4University National Heart Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; 5Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. 

Correspondence

Dr RB Singh, MD, FICN

Halberg Hospital and Research Institute,

Civil Lines, Moradabad (UP)244001, India, rbs@tsimtsoum.net 

Abstract

WHO and UNICEF have suggested that under-nutrition and maternal micronutrient deficiencies are likely to be responsible for major complications in pregnancy in mothers and fetus. It has been proposed that undernutrition during fetal life and infancy and childhood is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in the  adulthood. Healthy diets and micronutrient supplements during pregnancy can act as a precautionary measure for reducing the morbidity and mortality, as well as in treating maternal complications during pregnancy which may be protective against CVDs and T2DM that develop in adult life. Development of a new package of nutrient-rich food based on egg or milk or soy bean proteins, containing multiple micronutrient supplements, are available at affordable cost. Nutrient supplement recommendations by UNICEF/WHO/UNU (United Nations University) for pregnant women are to include 15 micronutrients as follows: 400 μg folic acid, 30 mg iron, 800 μg vitamin A, 200 IU vitamin D, 10 mg vitamin E, 70 mg vitamin C, 1.4 mg vitamin B1, 1.4 mg vitamin B2, 18 mg niacin, 1.9 mg vitamin B6, 2.6 μg vitamin B12, 15 mg zinc, 2 mg copper, 65 μg selenium and 150 μg iodine, to be administered during the antenatal period. The comparative needs of micronutrients in three different conditions, viz. non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating women are interesting. The Expert Group of the International College of Nutrition proposed that this regimen needs further modification by adding chromium to prevent diabetes as well as omega-3 fatty acids, flavones and amino acids to enhance brain development and immunity among infants so as to prevent eclampsia, stroke, postpartum psychosis, hypertension, diabetes, dementia and depression in women in the next few months of follow up. These strategies can protect against nutritional problems related to under-nutrition and chronic diseases; cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, obesity, osteoporosis, chronic lung diseases and neurodegenerative diseases that occur in later life. There is evidence that the repair of micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women immediately after 8 weeks of conception can reduce the prevalence of low birth weight babies and morbidity and mortality of mothers, new born and infants. Blending micronutrients to ovolipids or soya milk can make it a high protein micronutrient rich superfood for mothers as well as infants and children, for overall health and prevention of low birth weight. The egg milk formulation (Ovolipids IF) contained 2.4 g P/100 Cal (10%), 5.2 g F/100 Cal (45%), 11.5 g C/ 100 Cal (45%), based on duck egg, whey proteins and glucose syrups. This approach including egg as a base, along with 25 micronutrients may be a new package of nutrient rich superfood for mothers as well as babies for health benefits.

Key words: Diet, health, nutrient, soy milk, protein, chronic diseases.

How to cite: Singh RB, Mishra S, Singh M, Hristova K, Gvozdjakova A. Making of a nutrient dense food formulation for pregnant mothers,  as a target to prevent adult diseases. Int J Clin Nutrition 2006; 6:1-5

2.DEVELOPMENT OF A INDO- MEDITERRANEAN SOUP FOR ENTERAL NUTRITION AND FOR HEALTH PROMOTION.

Jan Fedacko, Daniel Pella, Dominik Pella, RB Singh; PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia; Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India

Correspondence

Dr Jan Fedacko, MD, PhD

Department of Medicine,

PJ Safaric University,

Kosice, Slovakia; Email: janfedacko@hotmail.com 

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet with fruits, vegetables, roots, leaves, seeds, honey, meat, fish and eggs

provided low w-6/w-3 ratio of fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber, amino acids, phytochemical antioxidants and proteins. Recent studies indicate that diets similar to Mediterranean diet have anti-inflammatory potential, whereas Western diet, with refined carbohydrates, high in trans and saturated fatty acids, lower protein,  has proinflammatory effects.There is evidence that a Mediterranean diet (fruits, vegetables, nuts,olive oil, whole grains) and Indo-Mediterranean diets (whole grains, such as millets and mustard oil, vegetable, fruits and nuts, spices) may be protective in patients with high risk of CVD. In some of these studies, soup rich in nuts, raisins, vegetables, tomato, carrot and mustard oil+olive oil as well as yogurt containing nuts and raisins have been used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, resulting into significant reduction in cardiac events and mortality.There is evidence that tomatoes are a rich source of vitamin C, lycopine, carotene, potassium and fiber.Tomatoes also contain a factor which has antiplatelet effects. Almonds and walnuts are rich in magnesium and arginine –an amino acid which is a vasodilator. Arginine is the precursor of NO which protects the endothelium. Walnut is rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which may be protective against CVD, diabetes, obesity and degenerative brain diseases. Carrots and coriander leaves are rich in carotene. All the spices such as fenugreek, coriander, cumin, cinnamon,turmeric have potential antioxidant activity which can prevent and potassium. Columbus oil is a brand of olive oil and

flax seed oil which is prepared to provide adequate monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA), and a balanced ratio of w-6:w-3 fatty acids ( in a ratio of 1:1).

Key Words. Fatty acids, spices, millets, nuts, olive oil, mustard oil.

How to cite; Fedacko J,  Pella D, Pella D, Singh RB; Development of a indo- mediterranean soup for enteral nutrition and for health promotion. Int J Clin Nutrition 2006; 6: 6-10.

3.THE ROLE OF FOOD INDUSTRY.IN PROVIDING FUNCTIONAL FOOD SECURITY.

Aminat Magamedova (1), Anil Chauhan (2), Meenakshi Singh (3), Ekasit Onsaard (4). 1Lmosonov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; 2Centre of Food Science and Technolog  Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi;,3CSIR, New Delhi, India; Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchumrab, Ubonratchathani,Thailand

Correspondence

Dr Aminat Magamedova, PhD

Lmosonov Moscow State University,

Moscow, Russia. <amgerma@gmail.com>

Abstract

The increased prevalence of chronic diseases throughout the world is closely linked to food security provided by western dietary patterns, with physical inactivity, causing rapid increase in the rates of obesity. Obesity has become a worldwide disease and is the major risk factor of chronic diseases. There is epidemiological evidence that both under nutrition due to food scarcity and over-nutrition due to food security are associated with significant increase in obesity, central obesity and metabolic syndrome which are risk factors of deaths due to CVDs and cancer. The adverse effects of present approaches for providing food security characterized with increased availability of ready prepared processed foods and fast foods is the major cause of epidemic of metabolic syndrome in both developed and developing countries of the world.There is a decline in deaths in developed countries, from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which may be due to improved diet and lifestyle; improvement in food security, due to decreased intake of  manufactured foods rich in salt, saturated fat, Trans fat and sugar and increased consumption of functional foods; whole grains prepared  by the food industry in conjunction with greater intake of fruits, vegetables  as well as some increase in physical activity and decrease in tobacco intake. Functional foods industry may be defined as that food industry is concentrating on developing new developing new functional dishes and foods which contain certain nutrients such cocoa, low sugar, low salt and no trans fat that can address some physiological mechanisms in our body thereby providing benefits. Natural functional foods are available in most countries but they are expensive. The food industry can mix some of these foods (functional components) to prepare a blend of foods which may be tasty and healthy. There are various functional foods that are developed by the food industry in the market. Studies indicate that Mediterranean foods are functional foods which can provide functional food security and decrease the risk of diseases. These foods need enormous efforts in food preservation to improve function food availability at affordable cost. There is convincing evidence that dietary patterns and lifestyle modification characterized with increased  availability of some of the ready prepared foods  rich in cocoa, w-3 fatty acids, antioxidants flavonoids, fibers, vitamins and minerals developed by the food industry, reduce the incidence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes as well as anemia, among high-risk individuals and populations. However such food industries are not very common. 

Kew Words. Dietary pattern, food manufacturing, health foods, cocoa. 

How to cite. Magamedova A,  Chauhan A, Singh M, Onsaard E. The role of food industry.in providing functional food security. Int J clin Nutrition 2006; 6: 11-15. 

4.FOOD PROCESSING, FOOD INDUSTRY AND HEALTH PROMOTION.

Lech Ozimek (1), Tapan K Basu(2), Takahashi Toru(3), Lekh Juneja; 1,2Department of Agriculture, Foods and Nutritional Sciences, Edmonton, Canada; College of Environmental  health and Health Sciences; Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan, Tayo Kagaku, Japan.

Correspondence

Prof Dr Lech Ozimek, PhD, FICN

Department of Agriculture, Foods and Nutritional Sciences,

Edmonton, Canada, Email: <lech.ozimek@ualberta.ca>

Food processing makes use of various unit operations and technologies to convert relatively bulky,perishable and typically inedible raw materials into more useful shelf-stable and palatable foods or potable beverages. Processing contributes to food security by minimizing waste and losses in the food chain and by increasing food availability and marketability. Food is also processed in order to improve its quality and safety. Food safety is a scientific discipline that provides assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use.1 Biotechnology as applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, texture and nutritional value of foods. The process whereby micro-organisms and their enzymes bring about these desirable changes in food materials is known as fermentation. Fermentation processing is also widely applied in the production of microbial cultures, enzymes, flavours, fragrances, food additives and a range of other high value-added products. These high value products are increasingly produced in more technologically advanced developing countries for use in their food and non-food processing applications. Many of these high value products are also imported by developing countries for use in their food-processing applications.This document will discuss the prospects and potential of applying biotechnology in food processing operations and to address safety issues in food systems with the objective of addressing food security and responding to changing consumer trends in developing countries. It is important to note that food safety evaluation or risk assessment will not be discussed here. Instead, this paper will focus on the context of biotechnologies as applied to food safety. Technologies applied in the processing of food must assure the quality and safety of the final product.Safe food is food in which physical, chemical or microbiological hazards are present at a level thatdoes not present a public health risk. Safe food can, therefore, be consumed with the assurance that there are no serious health implications for the consumer. Recent food scares such as mad cow disease and the melamine contamination of food products have increased consumer concern for food safety. As incomes rise, consumers are increasingly willing to pay a premium for quality, safety and convenience

Key Words. 

How to cite: Lech Ozimek (1), Tapan K Basu(2), Takahashi Toru(3), Lekh Juneja; Food processing, food industry and health promotion. Int J Clin Nutrition 2006; 6: 16-20. 

PRODUCTION OF LOW CALORIE SWEETENER (SORBITOL), USING SUGAR REFINERY WASTE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION.

Abhishek D Tripathi (1), Ravi P Singh (2), Khan Nadya (3) Surendra Prasad Singh (4) Subhendra Singh (5), Dikha Surya (6). Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India

Correspondence

Centre of Food Science and Technology,

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi;

Email: abhi_itbhu80@rediffmail.com, Telephone: 91-9450533651

Abstract

Sorbitol is a polyol used in food industry as low calorie sweetener and is potential substitute of sucrose being useful for diabetic people. In the present study, efforts have been made to optimize media components and different physical process for enhanced sorbitol production in batch cultivation by Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2912 using Cane molasses (sugar refinery waste) and organic nitrogen mixture as substrate. Shake flask cultivation performed under optimum physical condition viz; 37 ^oC temperature, 7.0 pH and agitation speed of 150 rpm, gave maximum sorbitol production. Comparative study of sorbitol production in SSF and SMF was also evaluated. Batch cultivation further performed in 7.5 L bioreactor under optimized conditions resulted in maximum cell biomass and sorbitol yield of 8.95±0.03 and 9.78±0.04 g L^-1, respectively after 42.0 h of fermentation with sorbitol yield (Y_p/x) and productivity of 1.11(g/g) and 0.50 g L^-1.h, respectively. Characterization of sorbitol was done by HPLC.

Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum NCIM 2912, media components, physical parameters, characterization. 

How to Cite: Tripathi AD, Singh RP, Khan N, Singh SP (4), Singh S, Surya D. Production of low calorie sweetener (sorbitol), using sugar refinery waste and its characterization. Int J Clin Nutrition 2006; 6:21-25.

Abstracts
2005; Vol 5(1): 1-25

ASSOCIATION OF DIETARY PATTERNS WITH CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG URBAN DECEDENTS IN NORTH INDIA. DIETARY INTAKES AND DEATHS STUDY
(DIADS).
Jan Fedacko(1), Viola Vargova(2), Ram B Singh(3); Surendra Singh(4), Vijendra Singh(5), Shallendra K Kulshresth(6), Fabien De Meester (7).
1Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia; 2Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, 3Hindu College, Moradabad, India; 4Tsim Tsoum Institute, 
Krakow, Poland. 
Correspondence: Dr. R.B. Singh, MD,FICN, Formerly Professor of Medicine, Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Civil Lines, 
Moradabad-10(UP) 244001, India, Email: rbs@tsimtsoum.net
Abstract: Prospective cohort studies indicate that prudent dietary patterns, can be protective against mortality from cardiovascular and malignant diseases. 
In the present study, we examine the association of dietary patterns with causes of deaths among urban decedents in north India. Randomly selected records 
of death of 2222 (1385 men and 837 women) decedents, aged 25-64 years, were examined. Clinical data and causes of death were assessed by a questionnaire 
based on available hospital records and a modified WHO verbal autopsy questionnaire. Dietary intakes of the dead individuals were estimated by finding out 
the food intake of the spouse from 3- day dietary diaries and by asking probing questions about differences in food intake by the decedents. The score for 
prudent foods was significantly greater for deaths due to ‘injury’ miscellaneous causes compared to deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). 
Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjustment of age, total prudent foods (OR,CI 1.11;1.06-1.18 men; 109;1.04-1.16 women) as well as  
fruits, vegetables, legumes and nuts (1.07; 1.02-1.12 men; 1.05; 1.99-1.11 women) were independently, inversely associated whereas Western type foods 
(OR,CI 1.02; 0.95-1.09 men; 1.00; 0.94-1.06 women); meat and eggs(1.00-0.94-1.06 men; .098; 0.93-1.04 women)and refined carbohydrates 
(0.98; 0.91-1.05 men, 0.95; 0.89-1.02 women) social class 3-5 and body mass index were positively associated with deaths due to NCDs. Increased intake of 
Western type foods and decline in prudent foods intake may be a risk factor for deaths due to diseases.
Keywords: Nutrition, disease, sudden death, stroke, infections, cancer.
How to cite: Fedacko J, Vargova V,  Singh RB; Singh S,  Singh V, Kulshresth SK, De Meester F. Association of dietary patterns with causes of death  among 
urban decedents in north india. Dietary intakes and deaths study (DIADS). Int J Clin Nutrition 2005;5: 1-5.
 
Molecular mechanism of regulation of gene expression by dietary nutrients mediated by nuclear receptor and epigenetic modulation.
Mahsa Jalili (1), Sanghamitra Pati(2) Bandita Rath(3)R. B. Singh(4).1ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;. Indian Institute of Public Health, 
Bhubaneswar, Pubic Health Foundation of India  3Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisa, India.4Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India
Correspondence: Dr Mahsa Jalili  PhD, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; jalili.mah@gmail.com
Abstract: Major research progress in the last few decades has elucidated the complex nexus between nutrition and health. Diet and lifestyle influences epigenetic 
changes that is heritable. Epigenetic changes induced by dietary nutrients ultimately culminate in expression of gene through transcription. The crosstalk between 
dietary nutrients and nuclear receptors triggers the signalling pathway, leading to modulation epigenetic change and gene expression. Nuclear receptors provide 
the best examples of transcriptional control by dietary nutrients through the targeted recruitment of large protein complexes that modify chromosomal components 
and reversibly stabilize or destabilize chromatin. Ligand-dependent recruitment of transcriptional coactivators destabilizes chromatin by mechanisms including 
histone acetylation and contacts with the basal transcriptional machinery. In contrast, the recruitment of corepressors in the absence of ligand or in the presence 
of hormone antagonists serves to stabilize chromatin by the targeting of histone deacetylases. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effect of 
dietary nutrients and bioactive molecules on the regulation of gene expression by modulating epigenetic changes. We have also attempted to review in detail 
the molecular mechanism of action of various dietary nutrients on gene expression mediated by nuclear receptors.  
Keywords: Nutrition, Epigenetic changes, Gene Expression, Transcription, Nuclear Receptors
How to cite: Jalili M, Pati S, Rath B, Singh RB. Molecular mechanism of regulation of gene expression by dietary nutrients mediated by nuclear receptor and 
epigenetic modulation. Int J Clin Nutr 2005; 5: 6-10.
  
3.EFFECT  OF DIET AND NUTRIENTS WITH REFERENCE TO, OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND COENZYME Q10 ON INFERTILITY.
Baby Anjum (1),Jayeeta Chaudhury (2); Jan Fedacko(3), Viola Vargova (4), Suniti Dharwadkar (5),Sanghamitra Pati (4),; Shabnam Omidvar(5), Amit K Singh (6), 
Douglas Wilson (7). 1KG Medical College, Lucknow; Center of Nutrition Research, Ahamadabad, India; 3,4Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, 
Slovakia; Professor, 5S.B. College Science, Aurangabad, India; 6Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, PHFI, India; 7School of Medicine, Pharmacy 
and Health, Durham, UK
Correspondence: Dr Baby Anjum,PhD, Department of Physiology, KG Medical College, Lucknow, India, <anjumb85@gmail.com>
Abstract. Recent studies indicate that Western type diet, sedentary behaviour, tobacco consumption and psychosocial stress may be a risk factor for emergence 
of non-communicable diseases (NCDS), including infertility. In the present review, we examine the available evidence on diet and nutrients, in relation to infertility. 
Inflammation, which is associated with sedentary behavior and increased consumption of Western style foods, may be the most important characteristic and risk 
factor for NCDs and infertility. Increased intake of Mediterranean type foods rich in w-3 fatty acids, antioxidants  and phytochemicals may be protective. It is 
possible that diet and lifestyle can  influence fertility via progesterone release and predispose infertility. Progesterone is known to  activate  CatSper, the principal 
Ca2+ channel of the sperm flagellum  which is important in fertilization. There is evidence that biochemical composition of the spermatozoa, seminal fluid may 
be an important determinant of fertility and infertility. A few studies have demonstrated that w-6/w-3 ratio and CoQ10 content of the spermatozoa and seminal 
fluid can influence progesterone activity  and its sensing by the Ca+2  channel.It is possible that diet and and nutrients can influence infertility.
Keywords. Fertility, nutrition, chronic disease,  spermatozoa, progesterone, nutrients.
How to cite: Anjum B, Chaudhury J; Fedacko J, Vargova  V, Suniti Dharwadkar S, Pati S,;  Omidvar S, Singh AK,  Wilson D. Effect  of diet and nutrients with 
reference to, omega-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 on infertility.Int J Clin Nutrition 2005; 5 : 11-15.

4.EFFECTS OF NUTRIENTS AND  NUTRACEUTICALS ON  GENETIC EXPRESSIONs IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.
MA Niaz (1)Daniel Pella(2), Jan Fedacko(3), Lekh R Juneja(4); Radzhesh Agarval (5);1Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India; 2,3PJ Safaric
 University, Kosice, Slovakia; 4Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi, Japan; 5Embassy of Medical Doctors, Moscow, Russia.
Correspondence: Dr MA Niaz, PhD, FICN, Former Professor of Medicine and Director, Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Civil Lines, 
Moradabad-10 (UP) 244001,India
Abstract: The prevalence and mortality due to multifactorial polygenic diseases; hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes and cancer vary 
depending upon genetic susceptibility and environmental precursors because they have identifiable mendelian subsets. Rapid changes 
in diet and lifestyle, may influence heritability of the varient phenotypes, that are dependent on the nutraceutical or functional
food supplementation  for their expression. It is possible to recognize the interaction of specific nutraceuticals, with the genetic code possessed 
by all nucleated cells. There is evidence, that South Asians have an increased susceptibility to CAD, diabetes mellitus, central obesity and insulin resistance
at younger age, which may be due to interaction of gene and nutraceutical environment. Thesepopulations appear to have inherited predisposition and 
may have interaction of internal nutritional status  and environmental factors. Higher intake of refined starches and sugar increases generation 
of superoxide anion in the leucocytes and mononuclear cells, and  free fatty acids(FFA), as well as higher amount and activity of nuclear factor-kB(NF-kB), 
a transcriptional factor regulating the activity of at least 125  genes, most of which are pro-inflammatory. Glucose intake also causes an increase in two 
other pro-inflammatory transcription factors; activating protein-1 (AP-1) and early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), the first
regulating the transcription of matrix  metallo-proteinases and the second modulating the transcription of tissue factor and plasminogen activator 
inhibitor-1. Refined food, mixed meal induces activation of NF-kB associated  with free radicals generation by mononuclear cells. 
The superoxide anion is  an activator of at least two major pro-inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB and AP-1. Increased intake of 
linoleic acid, saturated fat , trans fat and refined starches and sugars can increase the generation of free radicals and  activate the NF-kB, leading to 
rapid expression of pro-inflammatory genes. It is possible that nutraceuticals; antioxidants, micronutrients, minerals, vitamins, coenzyme Q10 and w-3 
fatty acids may inhibit the generation of superoxide and suppress NF-kB as well as AP-1, and Egr-1 leading to suppression of phenotypic expressions. 
It is known that genes are important in determining enzymes, receptors, cofactors, structural components involved in regulation of blood pressure, 
the metabolism of lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory and coagulation factors that are involved in determining individual risk for vascular diseases
and diabetes. It seems that these phenotypic expressions may be silenced by targeting simple sequence differences known as single nucleotide polymorphisms 
by nutraceuticals and slowly  absorbed wild foods rich in micronutrients and antioxidants.
Keywords: Nucleotide polymorphism, chromosome variant, proteome, transcription factor, epigenetics.
How to Cite: Niaz MA, Pella D, Fedacko J, Juneja LR;  Agarval R. Effects of nutrients and  nutraceuticals on  genetic expressions in cardiovascular disease. 
Int J Clin Nutrition 2005; 5 : 16-20.

5.OBESITY AND PHYSICAL INACTIVITY IN HEALTH AND  DISEAESES. 
Mahmood Moshiri (1),  Jan Fedacko (2), Daniel Pella (3), Viola Vargova (4), Radzhesh K Agarval (5), Rajendra Dhabi (6), Chibisov Sergei (7), 
Elena Kharlitskaya (8). OA Bawareed (9). 1Trinity Medical Center, Richmond Hill, Canada, 2,3,4Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safaric University, Kosice,  
Slovakia; 5,6,7,8Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
Correspondence: Prof Dr M Moshiri,MD,FICN, Trinity Medical Centre, Richmond Hill, Canada; email moshiri@canada.com
Abstract: Obesity is a major contributor to the global burden of chronic disease and disability. Physical inactivity is the major cause of obesity. 
In the developing and newly industrialized countries, obesity coexist with under-nutrition. It is a complex condition, with serious social and psychological 
dimensions, affecting virtually all ages and socioeconomic groups. Increased consumption of energy-dense foods with high levels of sugar and saturated fats, 
salt and trans fat and deficient in micronutrients, in conjunction with  physical inactivity, have led to obesity rates that have risen three-fold or more since 1980 
in middle and higher income countries. The obesity epidemic is not restricted to industrialized societies; this increase is often faster in developing countries than 
in the developed world. Regular physical activity may be associated with a significant reduction of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as 
cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus most of which begin with obesity.Physical activity is also known to have
 beneficial effects on several biomarkers of non-communicable diseases; inflammation, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, stress hormones 
as well as on brain function and psychological wellbeing.Obesity has become a major health problem in the world and may be responsible for NCDs.
 Increased physical activity can provide protection against adverse effects of obesity, resulting in to decreased burden of NCDs and may provide better 
quality of life and well being. 
Keywords: Weight gain, foods, diet, brain function, insulin resistance. 
How to cite: Moshiri M, Fedacko J, Pella D, Vargova V, Agarval RK, Dhabi R, Chibisov Sergey S, Kharlitskaya E.Bawareed OA. obesity and physical inactivity 
in health and  diseaeses.Int J Clin Nutrition 2005; 5: 21-25.

Abstracts
2004; Vol 4(1): 1-25
 
1.Evaluation of pharmaceutical care program in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia.
Natenaree Sirisopaa* and Manat Pongchaidechab
a Postgraduate Student in Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, b Department of Pharmaceutics (Clinical Pharmacy), 
Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, 6 Rajamankha Nai Rd., Muang,Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
Correspondence: Dr Natenaree Sirisopa, e-mail: phama_ya@hotmail.com
Abstract. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem in Thailand. It is an important cause of serious adverse effects on 
mothers and infants. The aim of this quasi experimental study was to evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical care program in pregnant women with 
iron deficiency anemia at the antenatal clinic of Kaengkhoi Hospital, Saraburi, Thailand. Subjects were recruited and enrolled by specific criteria, 
and given informed consents based on the hospital ethic committee agreement. The program was given to the experimental group (n=27) which 
was then compared with the control group (n=27) by looking at 1.mothers’ knowledge of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women, 2.compliance 
of pregnant women regarding iron supplementation and 3. levels of hematocrit (Hct). Data analysis was performed by SPSS V11.5. Results showed  
that 3 months after implementing the program, the experimental group had the average scores of knowledge significantly higher than those of the 
control group (7.48±2.40 vs. 4.63±2.35, p=0.000). The compliance of pregnant women regarding iron supplementation in the experimental group 
was also significantly higher than the control group (2.34±1.37 vs. 3.33±1.4, p=0.004). During the      3 months period, there were significant increases 
in Hct levels in the experimental group (31.79±1.46, 32.31±2.27, 33.04±2.73%, p=0.028), whereas there were no significant increases in the control 
group (31.43±1.99, 31.52±2.33, 32.08±2.68%, p=0.178).Although Hct levels between the experimental group and the control group were not significantly 
different (33.04±2.73% vs. 32.08±2.68%, p=0.188), only the experimental group showed greater Hct levels based on the WHO criterion (Hct≥33%). 
In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that the implemented pharmaceutical care program could be used as a guideline to increase the knowledge 
and compliance, and thus the Hct levels in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia.
Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia; Pregnant women;Phamaceutical care; Hematocrit
How to cite: Sirisopa N and Pongchaidecha M. Evaluation of pharmaceutical care program in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. Int J Clin Nutrition 2004; 4: 1-5.

2. EFFECTS OF FENUGREEK SEEDS ON INFLAMMATION  AND NITRIC OXIDE IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERLIPIDEMIA.
Jan Fedacko (1), Petra Fedackova(2), RB Singh(3),TK Basu. 1,2PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia; Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, 
India; 4Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
Correspondence: Dr Jan FedackoMD, PhD, PJ Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia,  Email: janfedacko@hotmail.com
Abstract. The seeds of fenugreek  are rich sources of fiber and antioxidants which may inhibit atherothrombosis due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, 
hypolipidemic and nitric oxide activating effects. In the present trial, we examine the effects of fenugreek seeds  on biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases 
(CVDs). In a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial in a hospital, patients were recruited after informed consent and clearance from the ethic 
committee.All subjects (n=61) with mild to moderate hyperlipidemia were assigned to American Heart Association step 1 diet for a period of 12 week and 
then randomized to two different test agents in identical sachets for another 12 weeks. The test agents were fenugreek seeds powder (60.0g/day) and 
cellulose placebo (3.g/day).Of 61 subjects with serum cholesterol between 5.17 and 7.76nmol/1, 59 successfully completed 12 weeks of NCEP step I 
diet and then augmented the diet with one of the fibre or fenugreek supplement for additional 12 weeks. Incremental differences from placebo for 
low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were: -15.1% for fenugreek; for total cholesterol the differences were -13.4% for fenugreek. The incremental 
differences in triglycerides (significant) for fenugreek were -9.5% with a 4.4% increase in HDL cholesterol. LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio showed significant 
decline from the baseline levels in the fenugreek group without such changes in the control group. Fasting and postprandial blood glucose as well as 
lipid peroxides and diene conjugates (indicators of oxidative stress) and TNF-alpha showed significant decline in fenugreek  group whereas these changes 
were non-significant in the placebo group. The incremental differences in lipid peroxides and diene conjugates were significant for fenugreek. 
The incremental differences in serum nitrite (indicator of nitric oxide) for fenugreek were significant causing an increase in nitrite levels. 
Compliances to treatment varied between 92% and 99% and only mild gastrointestinal side effects were observed. Intervention  with fenugreek seeds 
revealed significant hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nitric oxide activating effects, on NCEP step 1 diet effects. 
Keywords. Flavonoids, HDL-Cholesterol, antioxidant, oxidative stress, cytokines.
How to cite: Fedacko J, Fedackova P, Singh RB, Basu TK. Effects of  fenugreek seeds  on inflammation  and nitric oxide in patients with hyperlipidemia. 
Int J Clin Nutrition 2004; 4: 6-10.
 
3.VITAMINS AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS: STATE OF THE EVIDENCE. 
Teodora Handjiev Darlenska (1), Krasimira Hristova (2), Svetslav Handjiev(3), MA Niaz ((4); 1Department of Pharmacology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria,
3National Heart Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; 4BASORD, Sofia, Bulgaria; 4Halberg Hospital and Research Institute,
Correspondence: Dr Teodora Handjieve Darlenska,MD,PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, Email.  teodorah@abv.bg
Abstract. Vitamin and mineral deficiency may be important in the pathogenesis of  cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and other chronic diseases such as type 
2 diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin A, E  and C and beta-carotine as well as  folic acid and selenium, zinc and copper 
were inversely associated with risk of morbidity and mortality due to CVDs and cancer. Randomized, controlled intervention trials showed  beneficial 
effects in CVDs and cancers in some initial studies but no evidence of benefit in the prevention  in the later trials. However, adverse effects were observed 
in some of the important studies indicating that further trials are not necessary. Hence, there is no evidence to support the use of vitamins in the prevention 
of CVDs and cancer. Further studies are necessary to find out the role of vitamins and minerals in children, malnutrition and chronically ill people in the elderly 
population. Since vitamin C consumption during antenatal period has been protective against damage to fetus, it seems that administering vitamins to pregnant 
women may be a new area of research.
Kewwords. Minerals, heart disease, oxidative stress, stroke, cancer.
How to cite: Teodora Handjiev Darlenska (1), Krasimira Hristova (2), Svetslav Handjiev(3), MA Niaz ((4); Effects of vitamins and mineral supplements on risk of 
vitamin dificiency: state of the evidence. Int J Clin Nutrition 2004;4: 16-20.

4.CHYAWANPRASH; THE OLDEST TONIC OF THE WORLD.
RG Singh, RB Singh(2), J Nagchaudhuri(3), Fabien De Meester. Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India; The Tsim Tsoum. Institute, Krakow, Poland
Correspondence: Prof Dr RG Singh, MD,DM, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, India; Email:  <rgsingh@bhu.ac.in>
According to Mahabharata(5000 BCE), the ancient scripture of India, Maharshi Chyawan was one of the eight son of St. Bhrigu and Puloma. He was physically 
weak due to his premature birth but he was enjoying the status of being the only divine son of St Puloma. Maharashi Chyawan married King Sharyati’s daughter 
Sukanya at an old age. Sometime after the marriage, the twins Ashvini Kumaras came to the hermitage of saint Chyawan and offered him a medicine after the 
use of which the saint regained his youth. That medicine was named as ‘Chyawanprash’ after the name of Chyawan; thus it is a divine preparation. This tonic 
is available in semisolid form and is a rich in flavonoids, vitamins and monerals as well as fiber. The main ingredients are: amla (stargoose berry)  rich in vitamin 
C and pectin, tannins which are potential antioxidants,  retard the oxidation of vitamin C. Indian ginseng or winter cherry, long pepper, saffron, tinospora cordifolia, 
pistanchio tree or zebra wood, asparagus racemosus,and flex seed, honey and clarified butter. Chyavanprash tonic may be beneficial in immune function, vigor, 
power, memory function, and physical fitness. Basic science research is urgently required to find out its biochemical and clinical effects to establish its role in 
the prevention of diseases and health promotion.
Keywords. Antioxidant, immunity, oxidative stress, memory.
How to cite: Singh RG, Singh RB, Singh RK, J Nagchaudhuri J,De Meester F. Chyawanprash; the oldest tonic of the world.Int J Clin Nutrition 2004; 4: 16-20.

5. COENZYME Q10 IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND BRAIN DISEASES
Jan Fedacko1, Daniel Pella1, Peter Horvath1, Petra Fedackova1, Petra Durcikova3 and Ram B Singh4 ;Faculty of Medicine, Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia.
Faculty of Medicine, Safaric University, Kosice, Slovakia; Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Moradabad, India 
Correspondence: Jan Fedacko, MD,PhD, Medical Faculty of Safarik University and Pasteur Univeristy Hospital,
Kosice, Slovakia; Email: janfedacko@hotmail. com
Abstract: Coenzyme Q (CoQ10) deficiency has been observed in patients with cardiovascular, neurological and other diseases. The 
objective is to evaluate possible benefits of ubiquinone supplementation in cardiovascular diseases(CVDs) and degenerative diseases of the brain. 
CoQ10 has strong influence on lipid metabolism, oxidation of blood lipids, vascular inflammation and on the cell membranes of cardiac and arterial 
cells and neurons. These pathogenetic mechanisms seem to be important in patients with neurological and cardiac disease as well as in brain-heart 
connection.  Its supplementation has several beneficial effects including the stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaque and decreasing the size of myoacardial 
infarction and the protection of neurons. Antioxidant properties of CoQ10 are responsible for the prevention of many drug side effects. Several studies 
have suggested the beneficial effect of CoQ10 in neuro-cardiovascular diseases, that will require further confirmation. Adverse effects such as nausea 
and vomiting may be reduced by using highly bio-available brands, that reduce the oral dosage of COQ. CoQ10 is still in the investigational stages and 
the list of possible indications related to brain and heart diseases and their linkage, appears to be quite extensive. There is still the need for a number of 
large, double blind multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trials, in order to confirm the possible beneficial effects of CoQ10 supplementation in 
different neurocardiological conditions. 
Keywords: Heart diseases, brain degeneration,  antioxidant, oxidative stress.
How to cite: Fedacko J, Pella D, Horvath P, Fedackova P, Durcikova P and Singh RB. Coenzyme q10 in cardiovascular and brain diseases